En une journée, deux Chefs d’État de la sous-région ouest-africaine, ont affirmé leur volonté de briguer un troisième mandat à la présidence de la République. Alpha Condé, Président de la Guinée Conakry, un octogénaire de 85 ans, est investi par son parti pour se présenter une nouvelle fois à l’élection présidentielle. Alassane Ouattara, après avoir publiquement affirmé son intention de ne pas postuler à un nouveau mandat, rétropédale et renie ses propres engagements. Dans son discours à la nation du 06 Août dernier, il annonce sa participation à la prochaine élection. Ainsi, la Côte d’ivoire risque de plonger dans une situation d’instabilité politique préoccupante pouvant entraîner des retentissements négatifs dans toute la sous-région ouest-africaine, déjà ébranlée par le terrorisme. D’ailleurs, des soulèvements populaires contre sa candidature ont eu lieu ces derniers jours faisant un bilan macabre.
Avec l’adoption d’une nouvelle Constitution à l’issue du referendum contesté du 22 Mars, Alpha Condé s’est frayé une voie « légale » vers un troisième mandat controversé. Tandis que, la France n’a connu qu’une seule loi fondamentale depuis 1958, la Guinée est à sa 5ieme Constitution en 62 ans d’indépendance. Le même scénario s’est déroulé en Côte d’ivoire où le même stratagème est employé. En effet, une nouvelle Constitution est adoptée par referendum en 2016 pour ouvrir une voie « légale » à Monsieur Ouattara, âgé de 78ans, de briguer un troisième mandat. Force est de constater qu’au courant de leur dernier mandat, les Présidents Ouattara et Condé ont orchestré le changement de la Constitution de leur pays. Ce qui laisse supposer qu’ils avaient eu comme objectif de remettre les compteurs à zéro.
Dans le cas du Sénégal, l’actuel Chef d’État a semé le doute dans l’esprit des Sénégalais avec sa fameuse expression « ni ou ni non ». Tout porte à croire que Macky Sall a l’intention de briguer un troisième mandat. Et ce serait d’une naïveté énorme de croire que le chef de l’APR n’envisagera pas de se présenter une nouvelle fois à la présidence. En effet, le Président Sall a occulté le débat en interdisant à tous ses acolytes de se prononcer publiquement sur la question, arguant que ce n’est pas encore l’heure. Toute personne s’exprimant sur l’impossibilité d’un troisième mandat défie le Président et est déclarée persona non grata à l’APR. Ceux qui ont exprimé leurs opinions sur ce que dit réellement la Constitution, sont soit limogés, soit sévèrement sanctionnés, voire même exclus du parti. Les cas Moustapha Diakhaté et Sory Kaba en sont une belle illustration.
Force est de constater que malgré, les évènements marquants survenus en 2012, le débat persiste et le Président entretient le flou total sur le sujet. De plus, les interprétations des politiques et de certains juristes de l’article 27 de la Constitution divergent. Pourtant, le débat juridique ne devrait normalement pas avoir lieu d’être. Ces juristes et praticiens du droit constitutionnel qui prétendent que Monsieur Macky Sall pourrait légalement se présenter en 2024, font une interprétation erronée de notre loi Constitutionnelle.
Primo, il convient de rappeler que le Sénégal n’a pas adopté une nouvelle Constitution après le referendum de 2016, mais il s’est agi d’une révision de la loi Constitutionnelle promulguée le 22 janvier 2001 (iii). Cela revient à dire que le Sénégal est toujours sous l’empire de la Constitution de 2001. De plus, la clause limitative du nombre de mandat a été entérinée dans la Constitution de 2001 et maintenue après la révision en 2016 (iv). Même s’il y a une légère modification de l’article 27, l’esprit de la limitation du nombre maximal de mandats à deux est resté inchangé. Puisque le Sénégal est toujours régi par la Constitution de 2001 sur laquelle Macky Sall a juré deux fois avec la même expression de serment, ce dernier n’est juridiquement pas recevable à se présenter en 2024. Sous le régime de la Constitution de 2001, le maitre absolu de l’APR est formellement à son deuxième et dernier mandat.
Secundo, s’agissant du fameux avis du Conseil Constitutionnel (COC) en date du 12 février 2016 sur lequel beaucoup s’appuient pour argumenter la possibilité d’un nouveau mandat, au sous-chapitre 2-2 titré « la durée du mandat du Président de la République », le conseil Constitutionnel faisait nettement allusion à la durée du mandat et non au nombre de mandats (i voir les Considérants 19 jusqu’à 32 dudit document). Les cinq sages de l’époque avaient en effet considéré que la réduction du mandat initial de 7 à 5 ans ne pouvait être appliquée sur le mandat en cours. D’après le COC, toutes les dispositions de la loi nouvelle ayant une incidence sur la durée du mandat présidentiel ne peut s’appliquer sur le mandat en cours (i). Cela ne veut pas pour autant dire que ce mandat ne rentre pas dans l’inventaire du nombre de mandats sous le régime de la Constitution de 2001, toujours en vigueur au Sénégal.
Tertio, toutes les dispositions transitoires (article 104 à 108 ) ont été abrogées lors de la révision en 2016 (ii et iv), ce qui signifie en clarté que toutes les dispositions de la loi nouvelle ont un effet immédiat, comme nous l’explique brillamment le Professeur Ngouda Mboup sur un plateau de la TFM (v). Ainsi, au moment de l’entré en vigueur de la loi de révision, le mandat de 7 ans en cours en 2016 rentre bel et bien dans la computation des mandats. Autrement dit, après la révision, le mandat du Président en exercice n’échappe pas à la clause limitative prévue l’article 27.
Par ailleurs, au-delà des interprétations sur le fond et le libellé textuel, les évènements de 2012 ont confirmé à l’évidence que la majorité populaire a opté pour le remplacement du Président après deux mandats successifs. Cela est une volonté souveraine du peuple qui prévale sur tout et que nul n’a le droit d’ignorer, quelles que soient ses motivations. De ce fait, une nouvelle candidature de Macky Sall à la Présidence de la République serait une violation flagrante de l’esprit de la Constitution et donc illégale.
Depuis 60 ans, une bonne partie des Chefs d’État de l’Afrique francophone font usage de modifications intempestives de la Constitution pour contourner les clauses limitatives du nombre de mandats. Aveuglés par le pouvoir et obnubilés par un désir ardant de s’enrichir abusivement ainsi que de s’éterniser à la tête de l’État, ils s’adonnent à des pratiques de contournement et de violation des lois. Non seulement ils changent continuellement les lois fondamentales mais aussi ils refusent de se conformer au calendrier électoral et d’organiser des élections transparentes dans les délais impartis. Quant aux autres pouvoirs, ils sont affaiblis et réduits au silence. De plus, les lois électorales subissent des modifications répétées, notamment à l’approche des élections, soit pour éliminer des adversaires en instituant des restrictions comme le parrainage, soit pour s’offrir les moyens d’accaparer une bonne partie des voix. De facto, nos Chefs d’État mettent ainsi en péril la stabilité institutionnelle de leurs pays respectifs et les plongent régulièrement nos pays dans des crises politiques graves avec des conséquences humaines et économiques dramatiques. En outre, il est à souligner que, sous nos tropiques, un Président sortant ne sort presque jamais perdant des élections en raison, entre autres, des fraudes électorales, des bourrages d’urnes ou du clientélisme électoral. Le principe de limitation du nombre de mandats apparait ainsi comme l’une des meilleures solutions afin d’assurer l’alternance démocratique et la rotation du personnel politique (vi). En effet, dans une République où il n’existe pas de de contre-pouvoirs forts encore moins des procédures de destitution du chef de l’Exécutif en cas de fautes graves ou de trahison, limiter le nombre de mandats constitue le seul rempart efficace afin d’éviter le maintien illégitime au pouvoir et son abus par un seul et même homme. De même, cela permet d’avoir un garde-fou utile pour barrer la route aux hommes politiques assoiffés de pouvoir comme Ouattara, Condé ainsi que Macky Sall.
Il faut que la nouvelle génération prenne ses responsabilités et mette fin à cette forfaiture qui sévit en Afrique francophone depuis des décennies. Les Présidents Alpha Condé et Alassane Ouattara feraient mieux de revenir à la raison et de renoncer à leur projet de se porter candidat à nouveau. En ce qui concerne le Sénégal, Macky Sall a intérêt à ne pas violer son serment et à enterrer de façon définitive ses ambitions d’un nouveau mandat illégal. Quoi qu’il arrive, il quittera le pouvoir en 2024 car les Sénégalais ne se laisseront pas faire et un autre coup d’État constitutionnel ne sera pas toléré.
18 Aout 2020
Babacar Ndioggou,
ACT Allemagne
Membre du cercle des cadres de l’ACT
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