Par Cheikh NDIAYE, membre de la cellule des cadres de La République des Valeurs
Depuis toujours, la gestion foncière en Afrique, particulièrement au Sénégal, rencontre divers problèmes ayant des causes diverses telles que l’abus de pouvoir, les multiples attributions, les enregistrements invalidés, les tentatives de corruption etc. sachant qu’une bonne partie des terres ne sont pas régulièrement enregistrées. Pour résoudre définitivement ce problème de la sécurité foncière, nous invitons l’Etat du Sénégal à utiliser la blockchain comme outil de gestion foncière, chose qui est déjà expérimentée en 2015 au Honduras avec Epigraph et en 2016 au Ghana avec Bitland.
C’est quoi la Blockchain?
On peut définir la blockchain comme une technologie de stockage et de transmission d’informations sécurisée, transparente qui fonctionne sans organe centrale de contrôle. C’est-à-dire, une immense base de données décentralisée sans une quelconque autorité qui la contrôlerait. Ces informations enregistrées sont stockées en chaîne de bloc d’où son nom blockchain ou chaine de bloc matérialisée dans l’image ci-dessus. La première blockchain est apparue en 2008 avec sa cryptomonnaie, le Bitcoin, développée par un inconnu se présentant sous le pseudonyme Satoshi Nakamoto.
Comment marche la blockchain ?
Les informations enregistrées sont analysées et traitées, via des algorithmes en temps réel, par des experts appelés de mineurs rémunérés en par le système de «proof of work». Les blocs sont reliés par des nœuds de sécurité qui font la force de cette technologie. Lorsqu’un bloc d’informations est traité, validé et inséré dans la chaine, elle devient non modifiable et ineffaçable ensuite un autre bloc se génère automatiquement pour recueillir les informations qui vont être enregistrées. Ce système de fonctionnement est matérialisé ci-dessus à titre d’exemple pour une transaction financière ou immobilière lors d’une vente.
Avantages de la blockchain dans la gestion foncière :
Elle offre d’énormes avantages en termes de coût, de transparence et de fiabilité grâce à la nature immuable des registres décentralisés. La blockchain peut beaucoup aider dans la lutte contre les tentatives de corruption, l’escroquerie ou encore le faux et usage de faux, des pratiques plus que fréquentes dans la gestion foncière au Sénégal. Souvent dans chaque commune, le cadastre souffre de problèmes liés à ces phénomènes et dans les tribunaux de grande instance, les plaintes avec ces motifs susmentionnés sont pléthoriques. Beaucoup de citoyens ne font plus confiance au système et certains même d’entre eux ne savent pas s’ils sont légalement propriétaires de leurs terres, bien qu’ils possèdent parfois un acte de vente. Dans la consolidation du système de suivi des titres fonciers déjà délivrés et/ou en processus de délibération, elle permet de répertorier les terrains et de stocker l’information de façon transparente, publique et sécurisée, garantissant ainsi la propriété du bien répertorié. Ainsi, cette refonte du système foncier va augmenter le pourcentage des terres ou simplement des parcelles légalement enregistrées dans un système où personne ne peut modifier ou effacer l’information. Chaque propriétaire pourra enregistrer ses propres terres, avec son téléphone portable, en remplissant un formulaire en ligne dans lequel il va enregistrer avec précision les coordonnées GPS des bornes qui délimitent ses parcelles. Ainsi, ces terres ne pourront plus jamais être réaffectées ou vendues à une autre personne sans son aval puisque personne ne peut décider de façon unilatérale à changer une information déjà enregistrée.
Ceci va créer de la richesse en mettant en valeur les titres de propriété qui deviennent des capitaux propres dès leurs enregistrements. A partir de ce moment, les propriétaires peuvent hypothéquer leurs titres auprès des banques en contractant des crédits d’investissement ou de fonds de roulement pour booster la santé financière de leurs activités respectives.
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