( Par Pr Cheikh FAYE )
Le Sénégal va mal. Très mal. Il est confronté à une crise multiforme et multidimensionnelle. Le pays est confronté à une crise sanitaire provoquée pour l’essentiel par la pandémie de la maladie à coronavirus-2019 (covid-19). Près de 9 000 cas d’infection au virus sont enregistrés depuis le 2 mars entraînant son cortège de morts (174 à ce jour) et 61 districts sanitaires sur les 79 que compte le pays sont touchés, soit un taux de 77%. Le système sanitaire est débordé et souffre d’un criard manque de ressources et d’infrastructures. Les mesures prises pour prévenir et endiguer les effets de la pandémie ont fini d’installer le pays dans une récession qui risque de se muer en crise économique : de 6,7% de croissance du PIB réalisés en 2019, une chute à 1,3% est prévue en 2020. Plusieurs entreprises ont mis la clé sous la porte charriant ainsi un lot d’emplois perdus. L’endettement pour financer une grande partie du Programme de résilience économique et sociale (PRES) place le pays dans la zone rouge de l’endettement (en décembre 2019, le niveau d’endettement représentait 64% du PIB alors que le critère de convergence de l’UEMOA s’établit à 70% du PIB). À cela s’ajoute le rétrécissement drastique des transferts monétaires en provenance de la Diaspora (1 249 milliards en 2019). Ces crises, sanitaire et économique, pourraient être surmontées grâce à un bon plan de relance mis en œuvre de façon intègre et intégrale. Malheureusement, une telle perspective relève de l’improbabilité pour ne pas dire impossibilité, tant la crise de leadership à laquelle le pays fait face, est profonde et semble être structurelle.
L’adage dit que c’est dans les moments difficiles qu’on reconnaît les grands hommes. La gestion de la pandémie covid-19 a montré le Président Macky Sall sous un nouveau visage en révélant nombre de facettes de sa personnalité méconnues par peuple, mais connues de plusieurs personnes qui le connaissent bien. Il s’est montré comme un chef absent, insensible à la souffrance de son peuple, qui manque de vision et d’autorité, qui fuit ses responsabilités de Général auto-proclamé dès l’apparition des premières difficultés. Bref, son manque de leadership a fini de s’étaler au grand jour. Le mackyllage est défait. Le roi est nu.
Il existe plusieurs définitions du leadership. D’une manière générale, on peut retenir que le leadership renvoie à la capacité d’influencer, d’inspirer, de mobiliser et de guider un groupe d’individus dans le but d’atteindre des objectifs déterminés. Il est reconnu qu’un leadership efficace repose notamment sur une vision claire, anticipatrice et mobilisatrice. Donc, la vision est une composante essentielle du leadership. L’analyse du leadership du Président Macky Sall conduit, donc, à s’intéresser à sa vision.
Plusieurs contradictions, non moins importantes, peuvent être relevées entre le discours officiel et les actes posés lorsqu’on analyse la vision du Président Macky Sall. En effet, celui-ci prône une stratégie de développement reposant notamment sur une organisation rationnelle et équilibrée de l’espace national. Dans les faits, c’est la seule région de Dakar qui reçoit l’essentiel des investissements réalisés et/ou prévus au détriment du reste du pays. Autrement dit, c’est sur une superficie de 547 m2, soit moins de 0,3 % du territoire national, que se concentrent toutes les réalisations et projets emblématiques du Président Sall, lesquels ont englouti des milliers de milliards de francs CFA : train express régional (TER), Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), construction d’un nouveau stade pour accueillir les Jeux Olympiques de la jeunesse, érection de Diamniadio comme pôle administratif et centre d’affaires doté de plusieurs et coûteuses infrastructures (centre de conférence international, Dakar Arena, etc.).
C’est cette absence de vision que la pandémie a mis à nu en étalant au grand jour les insuffisances et limites de la politique sanitaire du gouvernement : défaut d’équipements sanitaires, déficit de personnel, manque d’infrastructures (par exemple, les régions de Kaffrine, Sédhiou, Kolda et Kédougou ne disposent pas, jusqu’à présent, d’un hôpital de niveau 3). Cette situation catastrophique trouve principalement son origine dans l’insuffisance des investissements effectués dans le domaine de la santé au cours des dernières années.
Le manque de vision du Président Macky Sall se manifeste, également, par son refus obstiné de se rendre au service des maladies infectieuses du Centre hospitalier national universitaire de Fann (CHNU) notamment pour s’assurer des mesures prises, galvaniser le personnel au front et se renseigner sur les améliorations à apporter ultérieurement en sa qualité de Général autoproclamé dans la lutte contre le coronavirus. C’est ce service qui constitue le principal centre opérationnel de lutte contre le coronavirus. Le Président a préféré aller se promener à l’Hôpital général Idrissa Pouye de Grand-Yoff, qui est plutôt un centre de traumatologie (spécialité médicale consacrée aux traumatismes physiques), pour juste une opération de communication. Au même moment, ses homologues qui se sentent responsables de la santé de leurs citoyens n’ont pas hésité à aller au charbon au péril de leur vie. C’est ainsi qu’on vu l’exemple du Premier ministre Boris Johnson qui visitait les structures sanitaires et les patients hospitalisés jusqu’à attraper le virus. Le Président Macron a fait pareil en se rendant dans plusieurs hôpitaux parisiens et n’a pas hésité à descendre jusqu’à Marseille pour rencontrer le Pr Raoult et visiter son centre. Ces exemples peuvent être multipliés. Ce refus de mettre les pieds à l’hôpital de Fann est perçue, par les sénégalais, qui ne sont pas dupes, comme une attitude qui frise le mépris. Mépris à l’égard du peuple qui l’a élu et lui a tout donné.
La mobilisation constitue, aussi, une des dimensions importantes du leadership. Elle consiste notamment à rassembler autour de sa personne pour atteindre, de façon efficace, les objectifs visés en motivant, en communicant efficacement, en développant des synergies, en mutualisant les compétences et en assurant une unité d’action. Depuis son élection en 2012, le Président Macky Sall n’est pas parvenu à mobiliser les sénégalais autour de l’essentiel. Il a adopté un style managérial clivant, partisan, voire vindicatif. Sa devise semble être : vous êtes avec moi ou contre moi. Un style simpliste et binaire, qui ne sied pas à un manager, de surcroît celui d’un pays où tout reste à construire. Il se pose comme le chef d’une partie du Sénégal (celles et ceux qui lui sont favorables) qui n’hésite pas à mener des croisades contre les sénégalais du camp d’en face (celles et ceux qui ne partagent pas sa vision, ses façons de faire, etc.). Son incapacité à mobiliser est apparue, encore, lors de la gestion de la pandémie covid-19. Il n’est pas parvenu à réunir les sénégalais autour de la bataille contre le virus. La raison d’un tel échec pourrait se trouver, entres autres, dans les nombreuses contradictions notées dans la communication gouvernementale et les reculades subséquentes. Ce qui a permis de faire le lit du déni (pour plusieurs sénégalais la covid-19 est une invention venue de l’extérieur), voire du cynisme des populations à l’égard du virus et des mesures de prévention à respecter. Dans certains cas, la communication sur le virus a plutôt provoqué une défiance des populations à l’égard des mesures prises. C’est inquiétant lorsqu’un dirigeant ne parvient pas à mobiliser autour d’un danger aussi factuel et évident que le coronavirus. Le déficit de crédibilité est passé par là !
Cheikh Faye, Ph.D
Professeur – UQAC
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