Contribution sur la question des inondations « Les inondations : ce qu’il faut d’abord savoir pour une meilleure prévention et une gestion efficace du phénomène. »
La gestion efficace des inondations est devenue une préoccupation majeure des populations des centres urbains et même parfois du monde rural au Sénégal.
Malgré les multiples efforts (initiatives et projets) de l’Etat du Sénégal visant à lutter contre les inondations à travers le Plan décennal (2012-2022) doté d’un budget prévisionnel global de 766,988 milliards de FCFA en trois phases, le constat est que le phénomène persiste encore et toujours.
La capitale, Dakar, fait face à une urbanisation galopante et une pression foncière extraordinaire avec des constructions tous azimuts qui ne sont malheureusement pas accompagnées d’un plan d’aménagement et d’assainissement adéquat.
Pour mieux comprendre cette lancinante question des inondations, il est important et nécessaire de mettre à contributions les scientifiques évoluant dans le domaine.
Plusieurs travaux scientifiques avec des recommandations fortes ont été menés par des géologues, hydrogéologues, hydrologues, environnementalistes, urbanistes, géotechniciens et géomaticiens pour une meilleure approche et une gestion durable des inondations.
C’est dans ce sens que, l’Association des Jeunes Géologues et Environnementalistes du Sénégal (AJGES) qui regroupe en son sein des géologues, des hydrogéologues, des géophysiciens, des géotechniciens, des spécialistes de l’aménagement du territoire et de l’environnement, participe au débat scientifique pour une meilleure compréhension du phénomène des inondations. Cette démarche est ainsi basée sur des propositions réalisables pour une contribution à la résolution des difficultés annuelles liées aux inondations que vivent certains de nos concitoyens.
Nous revenons ainsi sur les causes et les conséquences :
Causes des inondations
Les facteurs qui expliquent les inondations liées aux eaux pluviales sont globalement d’ordre climatique et anthropique :
Les facteurs climatiques
Cumul de pluies de forte intensité sur une très courte période qui fait que le débit d’eau arrivant sur le sol devient supérieur à la capacité d’infiltration.
Facteurs anthropiques
Faiblesse de système fonctionnel de drainage des eaux pluviales dans certaines zones ou leur absence totale dans d’autres.
Occupation irrégulière et croissante de l’espace :
Occupations des zones dépressionnaires ou bas-fonds
Occupations des zones où la nappe phréatique affleure
Occupation des zones où le sol présente une forte capacité de rétention d’eau
L’artificialisation du sol avec des matériaux imperméables.
Mauvais comportement de la population qui raccorde clandestinement leurs fosses septiques aux canaux d’évacuation des eaux pluviales ou qui considère les réseaux de drainage des eaux pluviales comme des dépotoirs d’ordures. Ces ordures réduisent considérablement le diamètre des canaux, ce qui demande plus de pression pour évacuer les eaux pluviales.
Conséquences sur la communauté
Des pertes en vies humaines ;
Destructions d’infrastructures publics (routes, ponts etc.), de maisons, de centres commerciaux, dégradations des terres agricoles etc. ;
Grand problème de mobilité des personnes et des biens qui ralentit considérablement l’économie du pays ;
Développements de maladies cutanées et diarrhéiques ;
Déplacements des familles touchées qui nécessitent un coût énorme ;
Contamination de certaines sources d’eau potable ;
Au regard de l’analyse du phénomène et de ses multiples conséquences,
l’AJGES formule les recommandations suivantes :
Cartographie des zones à risque d’inondation pour identifier les zones dites no aedificandi et interdire leur occupation dans l’avenir puisque les mesures correctives sont très couteuses sans aucune garantie d’efficacité durable ;
Le déplacement et la réinstallation progressive des populations sinistrées installées dans des bas-fonds sur des zones bien aménagées et équipées de réseau fonctionnel d’assainissement autonome et de drainage des eaux pluviales, offrant un meilleur cadre de vie ;
La réalisation d’ouvrages structurants, efficaces et durables de drainage et/ou de stockage des eaux pluviales dans toutes les zones exposées aux inondations pour une bonne adaptation aux épisodes de pluies de forte intensité ;
La restructuration urbaine des zones et quartiers inondés basée sur le respect strict d’un plan directeur d’urbanisme ;
L’amélioration de la politique d’aménagement du territoire.
Mise à contribution la DSCOS pour l’interdiction d’aménagement à usage d’habitat des zones no aedificandi sur l’ensemble du territoire
Implication effective d’une masse critique de spécialistes et chercheurs du domaine pour la recherche de solutions durables
Suivi régulier de la dynamique des zones basses (flux d’eau, niveau de la nappe)
Sensibilisation des populations pour la préservation des ouvrages de drainage des eaux pluviales afin d’éviter le dépôt d’ordures sur les caniveaux
Mise en place d’une cellule d’alerte et de veille dans chaque commune ou quartier pour disposer des informations réelles sur les risques et vulnérabilités
Enfin, il faut une bonne planification et une harmonisation des stratégies en commençant par les priorités. /
Doro NIANG
Géologue Environnementaliste et Géotechnicien
Président de l’Association des Jeunes Géologues et Environnementalistes du Sénégal (AJGES)
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