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Poids Des Entreprises Françaises Dans L’économie Sénégalaise

   11/01/2021
Dans son livre intitulé TUTELLE POSTCOLONIALE : Le Senegal, 13e Territoire D’outre Mer De La France,
Professeur Cheikh FAYE revient en large sur l’ampleur de l’implantation des entreprises françaises au Sénégal et leur poids dans l’économie sénégalaise.
(Sunupost partage ci dessous les extraits de l’ouvrage.)
Poids des entreprises françaises dans l’économie sénégalaise
L’appréciation et l’analyse du poids des entreprises françaises dans l’économie sénégalaise peuvent prendre comme point de départ les données statistiques établies par l’APIX.
En effet, dans un guide visant la promotion des investissements au Sénégal et édité par Planet Medias (2016), l’APIX dresse le classement des 100 premières entreprises du Sénégal selon le chiffre d’affaires réalisé en 2014. (…) Il révèle que le chiffre d’affaires cumulé des 100 premières entreprises sénégalaises s’élève à 5012,8 milliards de francs CFA. Soit 51,28% du produit intérieur brut (PIB) courant (au prix du marché) de la même période (9 775 milliards de francs CFA).
Un examen analytique du classement révèle que :
  • 29 entreprises sur les 100 sont françaises (…). C’est un nombre minimal, car n’ont pas été prises en compte toutes les entreprises sur lesquelles on ne disposait pas suffisamment d’informations pour établir, de façon irréfutable, leur statut d’entreprise française au Sénégal ;
  • 2 des 3 entreprises qui trônent à la tête du classement (le premier et le troisième rang) sont également françaises. Il s’agit de la SONATEL et de TOTAL Sénégal.
Les 29 entreprises françaises ont réalisé, en 2014, un chiffre d’affaires cumulé de 2 033,5 milliards de francs CFA. Soit 40,6% du chiffre d’affaires cumulé des 100 premières entreprises du Sénégal et 20,8% du PIB de la période. Selon Aurillac (2009) et Beaumont (2010), le chiffre d’affaires de toutes les entreprises françaises implantées au Sénégal représente plus de 25 % du PIB du pays. La page « Économie et Développement » de l’Ambassade France au Sénégal fait aussi état du même chiffre. Ce qui est énorme !
En plus de leur importance dans la création de richesse, les entreprises françaises au Sénégal contribuent, aussi, à près de 25% des recettes budgétaires du pays selon le rapport d’Hervé Gaymard. Le même chiffre a été déjà évoqué par Aurillac (2009) et l’Ambassade de France au Sénégal. Pour Beaumont (2010), la contribution des entreprises françaises au Sénégal sur les recettes budgétaires du pays s’élève à 28%. Elles emploieraient plus de 30 000 personnes selon l’Ambassade de France au Sénégal. Soit 3,6% du total des emplois salariés (844 268) des entreprises recensées.
En plus de mettre en évidence le niveau de dépendance de l’économie sénégalaise, en ce qui concerne la création de richesse, ces chiffres montrent le degré de vulnérabilité des finances publiques sénégalaises à l’égard des entreprises françaises.
L’ampleur de l’implantation des entreprises françaises au Sénégal
Dans l’exposé des motifs de la loi française no 2010-203 du 2 mars 2010 autorisant l’approbation de l’accord entre le Gouvernement de la République française et le Gouvernement de la République du Sénégal sur la promotion et la protection réciproques des investissements, il est indiqué qu’il existait quelque 300 entreprises françaises au Sénégal. Ce que confirme le sénateur René Beaumont dans son rapport soumis au Sénat français. Plusieurs autres sources françaises parlent de « plus de 250 entreprises françaises présentes au Sénégal ». Au nombre de ces sources figurent notamment le rapport de la députée Martine Aurillac et l’Ambassade de France au Sénégal.
Ce nombre ne reflète pas toute l’étendue de la présence des entreprises françaises au Sénégal, laquelle ne se réduit pas seulement aux seules grandes bannières connues. Ce chiffre serait plus considérable si on prenait en compte le nombre important de petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) / petites et moyennes industries (PMI) ainsi que celui d’investisseurs individuels français en activité au Sénégal. En effet, il ressort des résultats du recensement général des entreprises au Sénégal que 35,2% des entrepreneurs individuels français interviennent dans le secteur du commerce, 29,6% dans celui des hôtels, bars et restaurants, 11,9% dans le secteur des services personnels & divers et 8,2% dans le secteur des services fournis aux entreprises (ANSD, 2017).
L’ampleur de l’implantation des entreprises françaises au Sénégal peut également s’apprécier à travers le nombre très élevé d’entreprises du CAC 40 faisant des affaires dans ce pays. Pour rappel, l’indice CAC 40, dont l’acronyme signifie « Cotation Assistée en Continu », représente les quarante entreprises multinationales françaises qui ont les plus grosses capitalisations boursières au niveau de la bourse de Paris. Les multinationales françaises qui composent le CAC 40 couvrent une étendue très large de domaines et interviennent dans plusieurs secteurs d’activité. La liste des entreprises qui composent le CAC 40 est évolutive et donne lieu, régulièrement, à une mise à jour pour tenir compte de l’évolution des capitalisations boursières.
L’analyse de la liste du CAC 40 en date du mois d’avril 2020 permet de constater que 28 entreprises du CAC 40 sont implantées au Sénégal ou y exécutent des marchés. Soit 70% de la liste.
Des relations commerciales quasiment unilatérales
L’examen de la balance commerciale sénégalaise, c.-à-d. la différence entre les exportations et les importations de biens renseigne sur le fort déséquilibre extérieur, au profit de la France, des échanges de biens entre les deux pays (tableau 3.1).
Le poids des importations du Sénégal en provenance de la France par rapport à l’ensemble des importations du pays diminue, d’année en année, en valeurs relatives en passant de 16,5% en 2014 à 12,6% en 2018. Par contre, en valeurs absolues, on constate une continuelle augmentation des importations en provenance de la France : elles sont passées de 534,2 milliards de francs CFA en 2014 à 569,2 milliards de francs CFA en 2018. Ces importations sont principalement composées de produits pharmaceutiques, de machines et équipements de toute sorte, de tabac, mais surtout, au cours de ces dernières années, d’aéronefs notamment avec l’acquisition, par Air Sénégal, de deux Airbus 330-900 Neo au prix (catalogue) de 300 millions de dollars US (180 milliards de francs CFA).
Les exportations vers la France suivent une tendance baissière, tant en valeurs relatives qu’absolues et se composent, principalement, de produits de la pêche et d’aquaculture ainsi que de produits maraîchers. Elles sont passées de 63,9 milliards de francs CFA, en 2014, à 46,9 milliards de francs CFA, en 2018. Ce qui fait que les relations commerciales entre les deux pays sont largement déséquilibrées au bénéfice de la France et érigent cette dernière comme premier fournisseur du Sénégal devant la Chine, le Nigéria, l’Inde et la Turquie. Le déséquilibre est structurel. Son ampleur abyssale pourrait s’analyser comme si le Sénégal n’était qu’un appendice, qu’un prolongement du marché intérieur français.
Ce rôle d’appendice du marché français que joue le Sénégal peut aussi prendre des formes insoupçonnées et s’exercer sans que la population, voire certaines autorités n’y prêtent attention. C’est le cas des compagnies françaises qui réalisent une partie de leur production au Sénégal en vue de satisfaire les besoins du marché de la métropole. La compagnie française les Grands Domaines du Sénégal (GDS) en constitue l’exemple. En effet, les GDS produisent, à partir du Sénégal, et exportent vers la France (et vers d’autres pays européens), plusieurs milliers de tonnes de produits maraîchers frais sous la marque « Doona » (tomate cerise, maïs doux, etc.) et arboricoles (mangues principalement).
La compagnie les GDS, aujourd’hui leader des exportations horticoles du Sénégal, a été créée en 2003. Elle est une filiale de la multinationale française, d’origine marseillaise, le Groupe Compagnie Fruitière. Avant 2003, le Groupe était présent au Sénégal à travers sa filiale maritime, Africa Express Line, qui assurait le transport, vers la France et le reste de l’Europe, une bonne partie des exportations horticoles sénégalaises. C’est par la suite que le Groupe a décidé de s’investir dans la production horticole au Sénégal en créant les GDS. À cet effet, il s’est vu octroyer, par l’État du Sénégal, plusieurs centaines d’hectares dans la région de Saint-Louis, précisément à Ndiawdoune, le long du fleuve Sénégal. Les GDS se livrent ainsi à la culture de produits maraîchers sous serre (pour éviter d’éventuels ravages causés par les insectes et/ou d’infestations des plantes) et aux cultures arboricoles.
Les GDS fonctionnent en projet intégré, en contrôlant tout le processus depuis la production jusqu’à la commercialisation sur les marchés français et européens. En effet, ses produits horticoles sont cultivés dans ses serres et sur ses terres arboricoles à Ndiawdoune. Ils sont cueillis puis conditionnés sur place. Leur transport vers la France et l’Europe est assuré, grâce à des rotations régulières, par sa compagnie maritime, Africa Express Line, dans des conteneurs frigorifiques. Une fois arrivées en France et en Europe, les filiales commerciales du Groupe s’occupent de leur commercialisation notamment au célèbre marché de Rungis.
Aujourd’hui, les GDS sont leaders des exportations horticoles et arboricoles du Sénégal avec notamment plus de 9 000 tonnes de tomates (cerise, grappe et olivette) et plus de 1 500 tonnes de maïs doux, produits en contre-saison au Sénégal, et exportés vers les marchés français et européens. Ces exportations sont mises au crédit du Sénégal, mais en réalité ce ne sont pas des productions sénégalaises : cest une délocalisation d’une partie de la production horticole dont le marché français a besoin. Ce qui montre que même les maigres exportations sénégalaises retracées dans la balance commerciale avec la France ne sont pas aussi importantes qu’on pourrait le croire.
** Tutelle postcoloniale. Le Sénégal, 13e territoire d’Outre-Mer de la France. Édition Harmattan, Paris (décembre 2020).

Author: La Rédaction

406 thoughts on “Poids Des Entreprises Françaises Dans L’économie Sénégalaise”

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