Majoritairement cultivées en Afrique, seule une fraction de la production de noix de cajou est transformée sur le continent, le privant ainsi d’une multitude d’opportunités liées à l’explosion de la demande mondiale, note un nouveau rapport de la Conférence des Nations Unies sur le commerce et le développement (Cnuced).
Entre 2000 et 2018, le commerce mondial de noix de cajou brutes a plus que doublé pour atteindre 2,1 milliards de kilos dont près des deux tiers de cette croissance sont le fait des producteurs africains, la Côte d’Ivoire en tête. Pourtant les agriculteurs et les exportateurs du continent n’obtiennent qu’une fraction du prix de détail final, selon le rapport intitulé « coup d’œil sur les produits de base : numéro spécial sur les noix de cajou ». « Les pays qui cultivent des noix de cajou mais ne les transforment pas à une échelle significative ne retiennent qu’une petite part de la valeur créée lorsque la noix passe de la ferme au magasin », déclare Miho Shirotori, qui dirige les travaux de la Cnuced sur les négociations et la diplomatie commerciales. Selon elle, « agriculteurs, exportateurs et travailleurs africains passent à côté d’une multitude d’opportunités ».
Les noix de cajou poussent sous les climats tropicaux de 20 pays d’Afrique occidentale et orientale qui produisent environ 90% des noix de cajou brutes commercialisées sur le marché mondial. Après la Côte d’Ivoire, les principaux producteurs sont la Tanzanie, le Nigéria, le Bénin, la Guinée-Bissau, le Mozambique et le Ghana. Mais moins de 15% des noix du continent sont décortiquées sur le sol africain. Le reste est exporté principalement vers l’Asie, où 85% des noix de cajou du monde sont décortiquées, ajoutant de la valeur au produit. À eux seuls, deux pays asiatiques – l’Inde et le Vietnam – totalisaient environ 98% des importations mondiales de noix de cajou brutes entre 2014 et 2018.
Davantage de valeur est ajoutée en Europe et en Amérique du Nord, où 60% des noix commercialisées sont torréfiées, salées, emballées et consommées en accompagnement d’apéritifs ou incorporées dans une boisson, une barre nutritive ou dans d’autre produit. Bien qu’il soit difficile d’évaluer le manque à gagner pour l’Afrique, le rapport fournit des calculs indicatifs.
En 2018, par exemple, le prix à l’exportation des noix de cajou de l’Inde vers l’Union européenne (Ue) était environ 3,5 fois plus élevé que celui payé aux producteurs ivoiriens de noix de cajou, une différence de prix de 250%. Et après une deuxième étape de transformation dans l’Ue, le prix des noix de cajou était environ 2,5 fois plus élevé que lorsqu’elles étaient exportées de l’Inde – et environ 8,5 fois plus qu’à la sortie de la ferme en Côte d’Ivoire. « Cela montre le potentiel de création de valeur ajoutée pour les pays africains producteurs de noix de cajou, dont 14 sont classés parmi les pays les moins avancés (pma) », a noté Mme Shirotori. « Et la création de valeur peut conduire à de meilleurs salaires pour les travailleurs et plus de revenus pour l’économie locale », a-t-elle ajouté.
Les noix de cajou pour réduire la pauvreté.
Le rapport met en évidence le potentiel des noix de cajou à contribuer aux Objectifs de développement durable des Nations Unies, en particulier celui visant une réduction de la pauvreté. « La production ayant généralement lieu dans les petites exploitations des zones rurales, il existe un lien direct entre la valeur ajoutée dans le secteur de la noix de cajou et la réduction de la pauvreté », écrivent les auteurs du rapport, soulignant que les noix de cajou sont une source de revenus pour environ 3 millions de petits exploitants agricoles en Afrique. Le continent présente le plus grand potentiel, aujourd’hui inexploité, de réduction de la pauvreté par transformation des noix de cajou.
Une douzaine d’autres pays qui cultivent la noix sont en Asie, représentant 43% de la production mondiale. Quatorze autres se trouvent dans la région d’Amérique latine et des Caraïbes, qui produisent 5% de l’approvisionnement mondial. Plusieurs tendances du marché mentionnées dans le rapport ouvrent des perspectives pour les transformateurs africains. Il s’agit notamment du goût croissant des consommateurs mondiaux pour des collations plus saines et de leur préférence accrue pour les produits alimentaires plus respectueux de l’environnement et éthiques. La traçabilité, la transparence et la durabilité des chaînes d’approvisionnement alimentaire deviennent de plus en plus importantes pour les consommateurs et les fournisseurs, indique le rapport. Cela pourrait profiter aux transformateurs africains qui s’approvisionnent en fruits à coque localement plutôt que par le biais de longues chaînes d’approvisionnement. Les transformateurs africains qui peuvent répondre aux normes de qualité et de sécurité alimentaires de plus en plus strictes sur les marchés mondiaux pourraient profiter de la demande croissante en produits biologiques qui, dans l’Ue, par exemple, a augmenté de 121% entre 2009 et 2019.
Alors que l’épine dorsale de l’industrie africaine de la noix de cajou doit être un approvisionnement stable en noix brutes de haute qualité, le rapport indique que les transformateurs ont également besoin d’un environnement politique qui leur permette d’opérer avec des coûts de transformation compétitifs et qui leur facilite l’accès aux principaux marchés d’exportation.
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